The Dri for Pantothenic Acid in a 10 Month Old Baby Is __________________mg/day

• Consumer
• Datos en español
• Wellness Professional
• Other Resource

This is a fact sheet intended for wellness professionals. For a reader-friendly overview of Pantothenic Acrid, see our consumer fact sheet on Pantothenic Acrid.

Introduction

Pantothenic acrid (also known as vitamin B5) is an essential nutrient that is naturally nowadays in some foods, added to others, and available equally a dietary supplement. The main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein [1,ii]. CoA is essential for fat acid synthesis and degradation, transfer of acetyl and acyl groups, and a multitude of other anabolic and catabolic processes [3,4]. Acyl carrier protein's main function is in fat acid synthesis [ii].

A wide multifariousness of plant and animal foods contain pantothenic acid [1]. About 85% of dietary pantothenic acrid is in the form of CoA or phosphopantetheine [two,4]. These forms are converted to pantothenic acrid past digestive enzymes (nucleosidases, peptidases, and phosphorylases) in the abdominal lumen and intestinal cells. Pantothenic acrid is absorbed in the intestine and delivered directly into the bloodstream past agile transport (and possibly elementary diffusion at higher doses) [1,ii,iv]. Pantetheine, the dephosphorylated form of phosphopantetheine, withal, is first taken up by intestinal cells and converted to pantothenic acid before existence delivered into the bloodstream [2]. The intestinal flora also produces pantothenic acid, but its contribution to the total amount of pantothenic acid that the body absorbs is not known [4]. Scarlet claret cells bear pantothenic acid throughout the body [4]. Most pantothenic acid in tissues is in the form of CoA, but smaller amounts are present every bit acyl carrier protein or free pantothenic acid [ane,four].

Pantothenic acid status is not routinely measured in healthy people. Microbiologic growth assays, animal bioassays, and radioimmunoassays tin exist used to measure pantothenic concentrations in blood, urine, and tissue, simply urinary concentrations are the most reliable indicators considering of their close relationship with dietary intake [1,four]. With a typical American diet, the urinary excretion charge per unit for pantothenic acid is about 2.six mg/day [3,5]. Excretion of less than one mg pantothenic acrid per 24-hour interval suggests deficiency [ane,6]. Similar urinary concentrations, whole-blood concentrations of pantothenic acid correlate with pantothenic acrid intake, but measuring pantothenic acrid in whole blood requires enzyme pretreatment to release free pantothenic acid from CoA [1]. Normal blood concentrations of pantothenic acid range from ane.6 to 2.seven mcmol/L, and blood concentrations below 1 mcmol/Fifty are considered low and propose deficiency [i,4]. Different whole-blood concentrations, plasma levels of pantothenic acid practise not correlate well with changes in intake or condition [1].

Recommended Intakes

Intake recommendations for pantothenic acid and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Nutrient and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [3]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing food intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary past age and sex, include:

• Recommended Dietary Assart (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.
• Acceptable Intake (AI): Intake at this level is causeless to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.
• Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Boilerplate daily level of intake estimated to come across the requirements of 50% of salubrious individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; tin can also exist used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals.
• Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause agin health effects.

When the FNB evaluated the available information, it constitute the information insufficient to derive an EAR for pantothenic acid. Consequently, the FNB established AIs for all ages based on usual pantothenic acrid intakes in salubrious populations [three]. Table i lists the current AIs for pantothenic acid [3].

Table 1: Acceptable Intakes (AIs) for Pantothenic Acrid [iii]

Age	Male	Female person	Pregnancy	Lactation
Birth to 6 months	one.7 mg	i.7 mg
vii–12 months	i.8 mg	1.8 mg
one–iii years	2 mg	2 mg
4–8 years	3 mg	3 mg
9–13 years	4 mg	iv mg
xiv–18 years	5 mg	5 mg	6 mg	7 mg
19+ years	v mg	5 mg	6 mg	7 mg

Sources of Pantothenic Acid

Nutrient
Nigh all establish- and beast-based foods contain pantothenic acid in varying amounts. Some of the richest dietary sources are beef, chicken, organ meats, whole grains, and some vegetables [4]. Pantothenic acid is added to diverse foods, including some breakfast cereals and beverages (such as energy drinks) [iv]. Express information indicate that the body absorbs 40%–61% (or half, on boilerplate) of pantothenic acid from foods [5].

Edible animal and plant tissues comprise relatively high concentrations of pantothenic acid. Food processing, however, can crusade significant losses of this compound (20% to virtually eighty%) [i].

Several food sources of pantothenic acid are listed in Tabular array two.

Table 2: Pantothenic Acid Content of Selected Foods [7]

Food	Milligrams (mg) per serving	Percent DV*
Beefiness liver, boiled, 3 ounces	8.3	166
Breakfast cereals, fortified with 100% of the DV	5	100
Shitake mushrooms, cooked, ½ cup pieces	2.6	52
Sunflower seeds, ¼ cup	2.4	48
Chicken, breast meat, skinless, roasted, iii ounces	ane.iii	26
Tuna, fresh, bluefin, cooked, iii ounces	one.2	24
Avocados, raw, ½ avocado	one.0	twenty
Milk, ii% milkfat, ane cup	0.9	18
Mushrooms, white, stir fried, ½ loving cup sliced	0.8	16
Potatoes, russet, flesh and skin, baked, 1 medium	0.7	14
Egg, hard boiled, 1 large	0.7	14
Greek yogurt, vanilla, nonfat, five.3-ounce container	0.six	12
Ground beef, 85% lean meat, baked, iii ounces	0.six	12
Peanuts, roasted in oil, ¼ loving cup	0.5	ten
Broccoli, boiled, ½ cup	0.5	x
Whole-wheat pita, 1 large	0.five	10
Chickpeas, canned, ½ cup	0.4	8
Rice, brownish, medium grain, cooked, ½ loving cup	0.four	eight
Oats, regular and quick, cooked with water, ½ cup	0.4	eight
Cheese, cheddar, 1.5 ounces	0.two	4
Carrots, chopped, raw, ½ cup	0.2	4
Cabbage, boiled, ½ cup	0.i	2
Clementine, raw, 1 clementine	0.one	2
Tomatoes, raw, chopped or sliced, ½ loving cup	0.one	2
Cerise tomatoes, raw, ½ cup	0	0
Apple, raw, slices, ½ loving cup	0	0

*DV = Daily Value. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the food contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a full diet. The DV for pantothenic acrid is 5 mg for adults and children age four years and older [8]. FDA does not require food labels to list pantothenic acid content unless pantothenic acid has been added to the food. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a food, merely foods providing lower percentages of the DV likewise contribute to a healthful nutrition.

The U.S. Section of Agriculture's (USDA's) FoodData Central [7] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing pantothenic acid bundled by nutrient content.

Dietary supplements
Pantothenic acid is available in dietary supplements containing only pantothenic acrid, in combination with other B-complex vitamins, and in some multivitamin/multimineral products [9]. Some supplements incorporate pantethine (a dimeric form of pantetheine) or more ordinarily, calcium pantothenate [4,nine-xi]. No studies have compared the relative bioavailability of pantothenic acid from these unlike forms. The amount of pantothenic acid in dietary supplements typically ranges from most 10 mg in multivitamin/multimineral products to upwardly to 1,000 mg in supplements of B-complex vitamins or pantothenic acid lonely [nine].

Pantothenic Acid Intakes and Condition

Few data on pantothenic acid intakes in the United States are available. However, a typical mixed nutrition in the Usa provides an estimated daily intake of about 6 mg, suggesting that most people in the United states consume acceptable amounts [12]. Some intake information is available from other Western populations. For instance, a 1996–1997 written report in New Brunswick, Canada, constitute average daily pantothenic acid intakes of 4.0 mg in women and 5.5 mg in men [xiii].

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

Because some pantothenic acid is present in near all foods, deficiency is rare except in people with severe malnutrition [1,four]. When someone has a pantothenic acrid deficiency, information technology is usually accompanied past deficiencies in other nutrients, making it difficult to identify the effects that are specific to pantothenic acid deficiency [one]. The simply individuals known to have developed pantothenic acid deficiency were fed diets containing most no pantothenic acid or were taking a pantothenic acrid metabolic adversary [3].

On the footing of the experiences of prisoners of war in World State of war II and studies of diets defective pantothenic acrid in conjunction with administration of an antagonist of pantothenic acid metabolism, a deficiency is associated with numbness and burning of the hands and anxiety, headache, fatigue, irritability, restlessness, disturbed slumber, and gastrointestinal disturbances with anorexia [1,four,6,xiv,15].

Groups at Adventure of Pantothenic Acrid Inadequacy

The following group is most likely to take inadequate pantothenic acid status.

People with a pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration 2 mutation
Pantothenic acid kinase is an enzyme that is essential for CoA and phosphopantetheine product. It is the principle enzyme associated with the metabolic pathway that is responsible for CoA synthesis. Mutations in the pantothenate kinase two (PANK2) gene crusade a rare, inherited disorder, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). PKAN is a type of neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation [four]. A large number of PANK2 mutations reduce the action of pantothenate kinase 2, potentially decreasing the conversion of pantothenic acid to CoA and thus reducing CoA levels [2].

The manifestations of PKAN can include dystonia (contractions of opposing groups of muscles), spasticity, and pigmentary retinopathy [2,iv,xvi]. Its progression is rapid and leads to significant disability and loss of function [sixteen]. Handling focuses primarily on reducing symptoms [17]. Whether pantothenate supplementation is benign in PKAN is not known, but some anecdotal reports indicate that supplements can reduce symptoms in some patients with atypical PKAN [18].

Pantothenic Acid and Health

Hyperlipidemia
Because of pantothenic acid's function in triglyceride synthesis and lipoprotein metabolism, experts take hypothesized that pantothenic acid supplementation might reduce lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia [19].

Several clinical trials have shown that the form of pantothenic acrid known as pantethine reduces lipid levels when taken in large amounts [20], but pantothenic acid itself does non appear to have the same effects [1]. A 2005 review included 28 pocket-sized clinical trials (average sample size of 22 participants) that examined the issue of pantethine supplements (median daily dose of 900 mg for an average of 12.vii weeks) on serum lipid levels in a total of 646 adults with hyperlipidemia [20]. On average, the supplements were associated with triglyceride declines of 14.2% at ane calendar month and 32.9% at iv months. The corresponding declines in total cholesterol were eight.7% and 15.i%, and for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were 10.4% and twenty.one%. The corresponding increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were half dozen.1% and 8.four%.

A few additional clinical trials take assessed pantethine's effects on lipid levels since the publication of the 2005 review. A double-bullheaded trial in Mainland china randomly assigned 216 adults with hypertriglyceridemia (204–576 mg/dl) to supplementation with 400 U/day CoA or 600 mg/24-hour interval pantethine [21]. All participants also received dietary counseling. Triglyceride levels dropped past a significant 16.v% with pantethine compared with baseline after 8 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol and non–HDL cholesterol also declined modestly merely significantly from baseline. Nevertheless, these declines might have been due, at least in part, to the dietary counseling that the participants received.

Two randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled studies past the aforementioned research grouping in a full of 152 adults with low to moderate cardiovascular illness risk constitute that 600 mg/day pantethine for 8 weeks followed past 900 mg/twenty-four hour period for 8 weeks plus a therapeutic lifestyle change diet resulted in small but significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol compared with placebo later 16 weeks [19,22]. Increasing the corporeality of pantethine from 600 to 900 mg/day did not increase the magnitude of reduction in the lipid measures.

Boosted studies are needed to determine whether pantethine supplementation has a beneficial upshot on hyperlipidemia independently of, and together with, eating a heart-salubrious diet. Research is also needed to determine the mechanisms of pantethine'due south effects on lipid levels.

Health Risks from Excessive Pantothenic Acid

The FNB was unable to establish ULs for pantothenic acid because there are no reports of pantothenic acrid toxicity in humans at high intakes. Some individuals taking large doses of pantothenic acid supplements (east.thou., x g/mean solar day) develop mild diarrhea and gastrointestinal distress, but the machinery for this effect is non known [1,23].

Interactions with Medications

Pantothenic acid is not known to have whatsoever clinically relevant interactions with medications.

Pantothenic Acid and Healthful Diets

The federal authorities'due south 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for wellness, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. ... In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when information technology is non possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (eastward.g., during specific life stages such equally pregnancy)."

For more data most edifice a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture'south MyPlate.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a salubrious dietary design as 1 that:

• Includes a diverseness of vegetables; fruits; grains (at to the lowest degree half whole grains); fat-costless and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils.

  Many vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products comprise pantothenic acid.

• Includes a variety of protein foods such every bit lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products.

  Fish, beef, poultry, eggs, beans, and basics incorporate pantothenic acid.

• Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fatty, and sodium.


• Limits alcoholic beverages.


• Stays within your daily calorie needs.

References

1. Miller JW, Rucker RB. Pantothenic acid. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 10th ed. Washington, DC: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:375-90.
2. Sweetman Fifty. Pantothenic acid. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. 2d ed. London and New York: Informa Healthcare; 2010:604-11.
3. Institute of Medicine. Nutrient and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
4. Trumbo PR. Pantothenic acid. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, et al., eds. Modern Nutrition in Wellness and Illness. 11th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:351-7.
5. Tarr JB, Tamura T, Stokstad EL. Availability of vitamin B6 and pantothenate in an average American diet in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1328-37. [PubMed abstruse]
6. Hodges RE, Ohlson MA, Edible bean WB. Pantothenic acid deficiency in man. J Clin Invest 1958;37:1642-57. [PubMed abstruse]
7. U.South. Department of Agronomics, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Key, 2019.
8. U.S. Food and Drug Assistants. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. 2016.
9. National Institutes of Wellness. Dietary Supplement Characterization Database. 2017.
10. Kelly GS. Pantothenic acid. Altern Med Rev 2011;16:263-74. [PubMed abstract]
11. Horvath Z, Vecsei 50. Current medical aspects of pantethine. Ideggyogy Sz 2009;62:220-9. [PubMed abstract]
12. Iyenga GV, Wolfe WR, Tanner JT, et al. Content of minor and trace elements, and organic nutrients in representative mixed total diet composites from the U.s.a.. Sci Total Environ 2000;256:215-26. [PubMed abstract]
13. Provincial Epidemiology Service, New Brunswick Section of Health and Wellness. New Brunswick nutrition survey; 1997.
14. Glusman G. The syndrome of burning anxiety (nutritional melalgia) as a manifestation of nutritional deficiency. Am J Med 1947;3:211-23. [PubMed abstract]
15. Hodges RE, Bean WB, Ohlson MA, et al. Human being pantothenic acid deficiency produced past omega-methyl pantothenic acid. J Clin Invest 1959;38:1421-5. [PubMed abstruse]
16. Hayflick SJ. Defective pantothenate metabolism and neurodegeneration. Biochem Soc Trans 2014;42:1063-8. [PubMed abstruse]
17. Gregory A, Hayflick SJ. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., eds. GeneReviews. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Seattle; 2017.
18. Kurian MA, Hayflick SJ. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (Plan): review of two major neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) phenotypes. Int Rev Neurobiol 2013;110:49-71. [PubMed abstract]
19. Rumberger JA, Napolitano J, Azumano I, et al. Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used every bit a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and nutrition-controlled investigation. Nutr Res 2011;31:608-15. [PubMed abstract]
20. McRae MP. Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia with pantethine: A review and assay of efficacy and tolerability. Nutrition Inquiry 2005;25:319-33.
21. Chen YQ, Zhao SP, Zhao YH. Efficacy and tolerability of coenzyme A vs pantethine for the handling of patients with hyperlipidemia: A randomized, double-bullheaded, multicenter report. J Clin Lipidol 2015;9:692-vii. [PubMed abstract]
22. Evans One thousand, Rumberger JA, Azumano I, et al. Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and nutrition-controlled investigation. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2014;10:89-100. [PubMed abstract]
23. Chawla J, Kvarnberg D. Hydrosoluble vitamins. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;120:891-914. [PubMed abstract]

Disclaimer

This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides data that should not have the identify of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may exist best for your overall health. Whatsoever mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional person lodge, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or skilful advice.

gonzalezhimag1974.blogspot.com

Source: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional/

Share this post